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雅思写作：段落发展之列举法
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来源：上海新东方学校 2008-7-22 11:19:00 |
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英语组织文章结构的三大原则是时间、空间和逻辑。时间原则指按事情发展的基本顺序来安排内容；空间原则是从视觉效果出发，按照事物、事情存在、发生和发展的空间顺序来安排内容；而逻辑原则是按照事物发展过程中的逻辑关系——从一般到个别、个别到一般、比较与对比、因与果、分类、问题与解决等来安排内容我。每一种逻辑关系又可以用不同的方式来进行组织。本文重点讨论“一般到个别”中“列举”的方式。
一般到个别（general-to-specific）也称为抽象到具体(abstract-to-concrete)的结构，是典型的西方文章结构，很多西方学者认为这是有别于东方螺旋型思维（spiraling）的直线型思维。按照这种结构组织的段落一般先就题目提出具有一般意义的论点（topic sentence），然后再以详细的阐述、分析或事例等论据来支持此观点。论据的组织方式又可分为列举（listing）和举例（exemplification）.这种组织方式既适用于一篇文章，也适用于一个段落。如：
Color-blind people have problems that people who perceive color never think about. Perhaps the greatest handicap of color-blind person is evident when they select occupations. For example, they cannot work as interior decorators, commercial photographers, painters, airline pilots, or railroad engineers. The second problem is with traffic signs and signals. Those that are red-green colorblind have trouble seeing stop signs found on shady streets because they may not notice them against the leaves. In addition, they have trouble identifying signal lights and must memorize the position of the light to know which signal is being given. And perhaps less of a problem is that of dressing. Those who are fashion-conscious avoid brightly colored wardrobe so that they will not wear clashing colors.
这一段中采用列举加举例的方式。首句提出论点，主旨（the controlling idea）是“problems”,后面用三个方面来阐述，从the greatest handicap,到the second problem最后到less of a problem,三方面分别是occupation、traffic signs and signals和dressing.这三个方面之间也是按照从大到小，从最常见的到最少见的，而对于每一方面的支持和论证，作者又分别采用了举例和列举方式（for example; in addition等）。
一般到个别的基本框架是：
Topic sentence (main idea)
Explanation/detail 1
Explanation/detail 2
Explanation/detail 3
1、2、3 之间又按照:
The most general------the least general
The most common------the least common
The most popular------the least popular
对于在课堂教学中的使用，教师可以做具体的演示。如讨论是什么因素导致了交通堵塞。课上brainstorming后得到以下论据：
1.over-population
2.too many cars
3.insufficient roads
4.unreasonable design of infrastructure
5.people’s awareness
6.driving offenders
7.police
8.rules and regulations
要使用列举的方式，可以将上述论据进行分类，前四点可作为客观原因，5、6两条可作为主观原因，最后两条可以作为政府的宏观管理问题。组织方式如下：
Topic sentence: There are several factors causing traffic jams.
Explanation 1: The leading contributor is overpopulation, which leads to too many cars available even though more roads have been constructed. The situation will be worse if the infrastructure is not reasonably designed.
Explanation 2: Apart from these objective reasons, part of the blame should be laid on people’s awareness. There are many driving offenders either because they are drunk or they do not think it important to keep to the traffic rules and regulations.
Explanation 3: Besides, the police’s supervision also plays an essential role. If they do not manage well, traffic jams are more likely to occur.
列举的方法尤其有利于初学写作的考生模仿和借鉴，它不失为一种快速成文的有效途径。
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